西方侦探电影简史(草稿）

西方侦探电影简史(草稿）

希望大家多提意见，提供素材。

在电影普及以前，侦探形象在爱德加・爱伦・坡、查尔斯・狄更斯、威尔基・柯林斯、阿瑟・柯南・道尔等人的创造、发展下已经日趋成熟。电影很快吸收了侦探形象，1900年第一部福尔摩斯的无声电影，也是第一部侦探电影被搬上荧幕。侦探电影凭借案件的悬疑，加上视觉上冲击，扣人心弦，相当吸引观众。
有声电影蓬勃发展的二十世纪早期侦探电影也广受欢迎，不过大部分是在B级片和黑色电影中，如The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1919) 和Fritz Lang的M (1931)。歇洛克・福尔摩斯，这位阿瑟・柯南・道尔笔下的世界第一的私家侦探，在他的好友华生博士的协助下，运用演绎法在数以百计的电影中解决了形形色色的神秘事件。30年代有不少演员扮演过这位神探，包括Raymond Massey, Robert Rendel, Arthur Wontner (1931-1937), 最熟悉的也是最受欢迎的形象是二战期间由Basil Rathbone (1939-1946)扮演的。其中Rathbone演的最好的两部电影是The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (冒险史，1939)和Sherlock Holmes Faces Death (福尔摩斯面对死亡，1943)。
陈查理也是三四十年代短篇系列片广受欢迎的侦探人物。Warner Oland (1931-1938，16部), Sidney Toler (1938-1947 ，22部), and Roland Winters (1948-1952 ，6部)都出演过这位东方侦探。最好的一部是福克斯公司的第十三部系列片Charlie Chan at the Opera (陈查理在歌剧院，1936)。陈查理有着东方人的城府和智慧，时不时引用孔子式的的哲理名言（像"不可能用一只手指打苍蝇"），一副谦恭、好奇的神态，比格斯恐怕想不到自己仅有6部作品的陈查理会衍生出如此多的续集。另一个具有日本血统的侦探是Mr. Moto。Peter Lorre扮演，最好的作品是Mr. Moto's Last Warning (最后的警告，1939)。
30年代很受欢迎的还有上层社会夫妇侦探Nick & Nora Charles (和狗Asta)，改编自达谢尔・哈梅特的同名1934年的同名侦探小说《瘦子》。这对久经世故的夫妇去解决一个系列事件。1934年的第一部电影以后，1936－1947又有5部电影问世，不过没有第一部好。
圣徒（the Saint）系列则是经久不衰，从30年代持续到50年代。这位神秘的英国侦探叫西蒙・谭波拉，第一部电影是The Saint in New York (圣徒在纽约，1938)，接下来的成名作是The Saint Strikes Back (圣徒归来，1939) The Saint in London (圣徒在伦敦，1939)，以及The Saint's Double Trouble (圣徒的双重麻烦，1940)。另外一个硬汉侦探猎鹰（the Falcon）在40年代也有系列片出现。The Falcon Takes Over (1942)的大部分情节来自雷蒙德・钱德勒的《再见吾爱》，George Sanders出演这位温和的侦探。
三四十年代的侦探人物还包括菲洛・万斯、佩瑞・梅森、独狼、Bulldog Drummond、埃勒里・奎因、Nick Carter和Mike Shayne等。
四十年代出现了不少私人侦探形象，其中达谢尔・哈梅特笔下的私家侦探山姆・史佩德最为著名。最好的是The Maltese Falcon (马耳他黑鹰，1941)，由 Humphrey Bogart扮演这位硬汉侦探。Humphrey Bogart也在The Big Sleep (大眠，1946)扮演过雷蒙德・钱德勒笔下的侦探菲利普・马洛。另外一些演员也扮演过马洛，包括Dick Powell 在Murder, My Sweet (1944) (基于小说《再见吾爱》), Robert Montgomery 在Lady in the Lake (湖中之女，1946), Elliot Gould 在The Long Goodbye (永别，1973), 以及Robert Mitchum 在Farewell, My Lovely (再见吾爱，1975)。在哈梅特关于政治腐败的小说改编的电影，如The Glass Key (1942)，也不错。
60年代的一些私家侦探/警探电影，如Harper (1966)，Paul Newman扮演私家侦探Lew Archer（刘亚契），还有获奖作品In The Heat Of The Night (1967), Sidney Poitier扮演一个费城的黑人侦探在南部调查杀人案。Steve McQueen在导演Peter Yates的Bullitt (1968)中成功的扮演了一个坚忍克己的侦探保护一位证人，其中的汽车追击场面仍然被认为是电影史上的经典。其他还包括在Madigan (1968)中扮演一位顽强的布鲁克林警察的Richard Widmark；警察动作惊险片Dirty Harry (1971)中扮演侦探Harry Callahan的Clint Eastwood；等等。
70年代和80年代，这时期比较好的作品是根据英国侦探小说家阿嘉莎・克里斯蒂作品改编的电影。它们大都是全明星阵容，如Murder on the Orient Express (东方快车谋杀案，1974), Death on the Nile (尼罗河上的惨案，1978), 以及Evil Under the Sun (艳阳下的谋杀，1982)。大部分电影都是关于比利时侦探赫尔克里・波洛的，尽管在30年代他就被搬上荧幕，但这时期的电影较好。
60年代末以后的侦探电影以黑色电影为主，如Jack Smight的Harper (1966)由Paul Newman扮演Lew Archer, Blake Edwards的Tony Rome (1967) 由Frank Sinatra扮演私人侦探，John Boorman的Point Blank (1967)由Lee Marvin出演, Marlowe (马洛，1969) (基于雷蒙德・钱德勒的《小妹妹》) 由James Garner扮演菲利普・马洛,小镇侦探惊悚片Klute (1971), Robert Altman的The Long Goodbye (1973)--根据钱德勒小说修改的版本，Elliott Gould扮演菲利普・马洛, 相当出色的还有J. J. Gittes 主演的Chinatown (1974)。导演William Friedkin的犯罪片The French Connection (1971) 因为它的现实主义性赢得了奥斯卡奖。

附：爱德加最佳电影奖名单
1999
Out Of Sight, 编剧Scott Frank (Universal)
基于Elmore Leonard的小说
提名:
The Spanish Prisoner, 编剧David Mamet (Sony Pictures Classics)
A Simple Plan, 编剧Scott B. Smith (Paramount)
1998
L.A. Confidential, 编剧Curtis Hanson和Brian Helgeland (Warner Bros.)
提名:
Donnie Brasco, 编剧Paul Attanasio (Columbia Pictures)
Conspiracy Theory, 编剧Brian Helgeland (Warner Brothers)

1997
Sling Blade by Billy Bob Thornton (Miramax)

1996
The Usual Suspects 编剧Christopher McQuarrie (Gramercy Pictures, PolyGram Bad Hat Harry, Blue Parrot)
提名:
Get Shorty 编剧Scott Frank (Jersey Films/MGM)
Devil in a Blue Dress 编剧Carl Franklin (Clinica Estetico, Muddy Lane Entertainment/Tristar)
Dolores Claiborne 编剧Tony Gilroy (Columbia/Castle Rock)
To Die For 编剧Buck Henry (Columbia)

1995
Pulp Fiction by Quentin Tarantino (Miramax)
提名:
The Last Seduction by Steve Barancik (ITC Entertainment)
Blink by Dana Stevens (New Line Cinema)
Speed by Graham Yost (20th Century-Fox)

1994
FALLING DOWN by Ebbe Rose Smith (Warner Bros.)
提名:
IN THE LINE OF FIRE by Jeff Maguire (Castle Rock)
THE FUGITIVE by Jeb Stuart and David Twohy (Warner Bros.)


1993
THE PLAYER by Michael Tolkin (Fineline Features)
提名:
THE CRYING GAME by Neil Jordan (Miramax)
UNFORGIVEN by David Webb Peoples (Warner Bros.)
A FEW GOOD MEN by Aaron Sorkin (Columbia)
SNEAKERS by Phil Alden Robinson and Lawrence Lasker & Walter F. Parkes (Universal)


1992
SILENCE OF THE LAMBS by Ted Tally (Orion)
提名:
J.F.K. by Oliver Stone and Zachary Sklar (Warner Bros.)
DEAD AGAIN by Scott Frank (Paramount)


1991
THE GRIFTERS by Donald E. Westlake (Miramx)
提名:
PRESUMED INNOCENT by Frank Pierson and Alan J. Pakula (Warner/Mirage)
GOODFELLAS by Nicholas Pileggi and Martin Scorsese (Warner Bros.)


1990
HEATHERS by Daniel Waters (New World)
提名:
CRIMES AND MISDEMEANORS by Woody Allen (Orion)
LICENCE TO KILL by Richard Maibaum and Michael G. Wilson (United Artists)
SEA OF LOVE by Richard Price (Universal)
TRUE BELIEVER by Wesley Strick (Columbia)


1989
THE THIN BLUE LINE by Errol Morris (Miramax)
提名:
A FISH CALLED WANDA by John Cleese (MGM)
DIE HARD by Jeb Stuart and Steven E. de Souza (20th Century Fox)
MASQUERADE by Dick Wolfe (MGM)
THINGS CHANGE by David Mamet and Shel Silverstein (Columbia)


1988
STAKEOUT by Jim Kouf (Buena Vista Pictures)
提名:
BEST SELLER by Larry Cohen (Orion)
ROBOCOP by Edward Neumeir and Michael Miner (John Davison Prod.)
THE BIG EASY by Daniel Petrie, Jr. (Columbia Pictures)
THE STEPFATHER by Donald E. Westlake (ITC Productions)


1987
SOMETHING WILD by E. Max Frye (Orion)
提名:
DEFENSE OF THE REALM by Martin Stellman (Hemdale Releasing)
F/X by Robert T. Megginson and Gregory Fleeman (Orion)
THE GREAT MOUSE DETECTIVE by Ron Clements, Pete Young, Vance Gerry, Steve Hulett, John Musker, Bruce M. Morris, Matthew O'Callaghan, Burny Mattison, Dave Michener, and Melvin Shaw (Disney)
MANHUNTER by Michael Mann (De Laurentiis Ent.)
THE NAME OF THE ROSE by Andrew Birkin, Gerard Brach, Howard Franklin and Alain Godard (20th Century Fox)


1986
WITNESS by Earl W. Wallace and William Kelley (Paramount Films)
提名:
BLOOD SIMPLE by Joel Coen and Ethan Coen (Circle Films)
FLETCH by Andrew Bergman (Universal)
THE HIT by Peter Prince (Island Pictures)
JAGGED EDGE by Joe Eszterhas (Columbia)


1985
A SOLDIER'S STORY by Charles Fuller (Columbia Pictures)
提名:
BEVERLY HILLS COP by Daniel Petrie, Jr. (Paramount)
THE LITTLE DRUMMER GIRL by Loring Mandel (Warner Bros.)


1984
GORKY PARK by Dennis Potter (Orion)
提名:
HAMMETT by Ross Thomas and Dennis O'Flaherty (Warner Bros.)
PSYCHO II by Tom Holland (Universal Pictures)


1983
THE LONG GOOD FRIDAY by Barrie Keeffe (Handmade Films)
提名:
EVIL UNDER THE SUN by Anthony Shaffer (Universal Pictures)
48 HOURS by Roger Spottiswoode, Walter Hill, Larry Gross and Steven E. de Souza (Paramount Pictures)
STILL OF THE NIGHT by Robert Benton (MGM/United Artists)


1982
CUTTER'S WAY by Jeffrey Alan Fiskin (United Artists)
提名:
BODY HEAT by Lawrence Kasdan (Warner Bros.)
THE EYE OF THE NEEDLE by Stanley Mann (United Artists)
PRINCE OF THE CITY by Jay Presson Allen and Sidney Lumet (Warner Bros.)


1981
THE BLACK MARBLE by Joseph Wambaugh (AVCO-Embassy)
提名:
THE FIRST DEADLY SIN by Mann Rubin (Filmways Productions)
HOPSCOTCH by Brian Garfield and Bryan Forbes (AVCO-Embassy)
THE MAN WITH BOGART'S FACE by Andrew Fenady (20th Century Fox)


1980
THE GREAT TRAIN ROBBERY by Michael Crichton (United Artists)
提名:
TIME AFTER TIME by Nicholas Meyer (Orion)
MURDER BY DECREE by John Hopkins (AVCO-Embassy)


1979
MAGIC by William Goldman (20th Century Fox)
提名:
FOUL PLAY by Collin Higgins (Paramount)
SOMEBODY KILLED HER HUSBAND by Reginald Rose (Columbia)
DEATH ON THE NILE by Anthony Shaffer (Paramount)
THE BIG FIX by Roger Simon (Universal)


1978
THE LATE SHOW by Robert Benton (Warner Bros.)
提名:
BLACK SUNDAY by Ernest Lehman, Kenneth Ross and Ivan Moffat (Paramount)
TELEFON by Peter Hyams and Stirling Silliphant (MGM)


1977
FAMILY PLOT by Ernest Lehman (Universal)
提名:
CARRIE by Lawrence D. Cohen (United Artists)
MARATHON MAN by William Goldman (Paramount)
THE OMEN by David Seltzer (20th Century Fox)


1976
THREE DAYS OF THE CONDOR by Lorenzo Semple, Jr. and David Rayfiel (Paramount)
提名:
BLACK CHRISTMAS by Roy Moore (Warner Bros.)
THE DROWNING POOL by Tracy Keenan Wynn, Lorenzo Semple, Jr. and Walter Hill (Warner Bros.)
FAREWELL, MY LOVELY by David Zelag Goodman (AVCO-Embassy)


1975
CHINATOWN by Robert Towne (Paramount)
提名:
THE CONVERSATION by Francis Ford Coppola (Paramount)
MURDER ON THE ORIENT EXPRESS by Paul Dehn (Paramount)
THE PARALLAX VIEW by David Giler and Lorenzo Semple, Jr. (Paramount)


1974
THE LAST OF SHEILA by Stephen Sondheim and Anthony Perkins (Warner Bros.)
提名:
DON'T LOOK NOW by Alan Scott and Cris Bryant (Paramount)
SERPICO by Waldo Salt and Norman Wexler (Paramount)
THE STING by David S. Ward (Universal)


1973
SLEUTH by Anthony Shaffer (20th Century Fox)
提名:
THE CAREY TREATMENT by James P. Bonner (Belasco Productions)
FRENZY by Anthony Shaffer (Universal)
THE HOT ROCK by William Goldman (20th Century Fox)
TRAVELS WITH MY AUNT by Jay Presson Allen and Hugh Wheeler (MGM)


1972
THE FRENCH CONNECTION by Ernest Tidyman (20th Century Fox)
提名:
KLUTE by Andy and Dave Lewis (Warner Bros.)
DIRTY HARRY by Harry Julian Fink, Rita N. Fink and Dean Riesner (Warner Bros.)
SEE NO EVIL by Brian Clemens (Columbia)
WILLARD by Gilbert A. Ralston (Cinerama)


1971
INVESTIGATION OF A CITIZEN ABOVE SUSPICION by Elio Petri and Ugo Pirro (Columbia)
提名:
THE BIRD WITH THE CRYSTAL PLUMAGE by Dario Argento (UMC Pictures) BORSALINO by Jean Cau, Claude Sautet, Jacques Deray and Jean-Claude Cairiere (Paramount)
THE PRIVATE LIFE OF SHERLOCK HOLMES by I.A.L. Diamond (United Artists)
RIDER ON THE RAIN by Sebastien Japrisot (Circo-Embassy)


1970
Z by Jorge Semprun and Costa Gavras (Cinema V)
提名:
HARD CONTRACT by S. Lee Pogostin (20th Century Fox)
STILETTO by A.J. Russell (AVCO-Embassy)
PENDULUM by Stanley Niss (Columbia)


1969
BULLITT by Alan R. Trustman and Harry Kleiner, screenwriters and Robert L. Fish, author (Warner Bros.)
提名:
THE BRIDE WORE BLACK by Jean-Louis Richard and Francois Truffaut (United Artists)
ROSEMARY'S BABY by Roman Polanski (Paramount)
THE BOSTON STRANGLER by Edward Anhalt (20th Century Fox)


1968
IN THE HEAT OF THE NIGHT by Stirling Silliphant (United Artists)
提名:
BONNIE AND CLYDE by David Newman (Warner Bros.)
IN COLD BLOOD by Richard Brooks (Columbia)


1967
HARPER by William Goldman (Warner Bros.)
提名:
THE QUILLER MEMORANDUM by Harold Pinter (20th Century Fox)
SLEEPING CAR MURDER by Costa Gavras (Seven Arts)


1966
THE SPY WHO CAME IN FROM THE COLD by Paul Dehn and Guy Trosper (Paramount)
提名:
BUNNY LAKE IS MISSING by John and Penelope Mortimer (Columbia)
THAT DARN CAT by The Gordons and Bill Walsh (Buena Vista)


1965
HUSH, HUSH, SWEET CHARLOTTE by Henry Farrell and Lukas Heller (20th Century Fox)
提名:
IT'S A MAD, MAD, MAD WORLD by William and Tania Rose (United Artists)
FATE IS THE HUNTER by Harold Medford (20th Century Fox)


1964
CHARADE by Peter Stone (Universal)
提名:
THE BIRDS by Evan Hunter (Universal)
THE LIST OF ADRIAN MESSENGER by Anthony Veiller (Universal)


1962
THE INNOCENTS by Truman Capote and William Archibald (20th Century Fox)

1961
PSYCHO by Joseph Stefano, screenwriter and a scroll to Robert Bloch as book author (Paramount)

1960
NORTH BY NORTHWEST by Ernest Lehman (MGM)

1959
THE DEFIANT ONES by Nathan E. Douglas and Harold Jacob Smith (United Artists)

1958
TWELVE ANGRY MEN by Reginald Rose (Orion/Nova)
提名:
WITNESS FOR THE PROSECUTION by Billy Wilder and Harry Kurnitz (United Artists)


1956
THE DESPERATE HOURS by Joseph Hayes (Paramount)

1955
REAR WINDOW by John Michael Hayes (Paramount)

1954
THE BIG HEAT Sidney Boehm, screenwriter; William P. McGivern, author of the novel; and Columbia Pictures.

1953
FIVE FINGERS by Michael Wilson and Otto Lang, producer (20th Century Fox)
提名:


1952
DETECTIVE STORY, Michael Wilson, screenwriter; Philip Yordan and Robert Wyler, producer/director; and Sidney Kingsely for the stage play on which the screen version was based (Paramount)
提名:
THE PEOPLE AGAINST O'HARA based on the novel by Eleazar Lipsky (MGM)
THE MAN WITH A CLOAK based on the novel by John Dickson Carr (MGM)


1951
THE ASPHALT JUNGLE by Ben Maddow (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer)
提名:
Mr. 880, winner of a special award for the author of the novel St. Clair McKelway (20th Century Fox)
THE MAN ON THE EIFFEL TOWER by Harry Brown, based on the novel A Battle of Nerves by Georges Simenon (A&E)
STAGE FRIGHT by Whitfield Cook, based on the novel Man Running by Selwyn Jepson (Warner)


1950
THE WINDOW by Mel Dinelli and Cornell Woolrich, author of "Fire Escape" on which the movie was based (RKO)
提名:
CRISS CROSS by Daniel Fuchs based on the novel by Don Tracy (U-I)
CHICAGO DEADLINE by Warren Duff and Tiffany Thayer (Paramount)
THE SCENE OF THE CRIME (MGM)
WHITE HEAT by Ivan Goff, Ben Rovbeerts based on the story by Virginia Kellog (Warner)


1949
CALL NORTHSIDE 777 by Quentin Reynolds, Leonard Hoffman, Jay Dratler, and Jerome Cady (posthumous_accepted by Mrs. Cady) screenwriters; Henry Hathaway, director; Otto Lang, producer; and 20th Century-Fox
提名:
ROPE by Arthur Laurents, based on the play by Patrick Hamilton (Transatlantic)
SORRY, WRONG NUMBER by Lucille Fletcher, from her play (Paramount)
THE BIG CLOCK by Jonathan Latimer based on the novel by Kenneth Fearing (Paramount)


1948
CROSSFIRE John Paxton, screenwriter; Richard Brooks, author of "The Brick Fox-Hole" on which the movie was based; Dore Schary, producer; Adrian Scott, associate producer; and Edward Dmytryk, director (RKO)

1947
THE KILLERS by Anthony Veiller, writer; Mark Hellinger, producer; and Robert Siodmak, director. (Hellinger-Universal)

1946
MURDER, MY SWEET John Paxton, screenplay; Raymond Chandler, author of FAREWELL MY LOVELY on which the movie was based; Dick Powell for his portrayal of a private detective; and RKO Pictures (special scroll).
提名:
Honorary scroll to THE HOUSE ON 92nd St. by Barre Lyndon, Chales G. Booth, John Monks, Jr.(Twentieth Century Fox)
（编辑：moyuzhai）